SHIKKAR

Cast: Mohanlal, Kailash, Thalaivasal Vijay, Ananya, Maithili, Sneha, Kalabhavan Mani, Lalu Alex, Jagathy Sreekumar, Suraj Venjaramoodu

Director: M Padmakumar

Producer: K K Rajagopal

Banner: Sreeraj Cinema

Music: M Jayachandran

Lyrics: Gireesh Puthencherry

Cinematography: Manoj Pillai

Editing: Renjan Abraham

Art Direction: Manu Jagath

Screenplay: S Sureshbabu

Dialogue: S Sureshbabu

Story/Writer: S Sureshbabu

Action Direction: Thyagarajan

'Shikkar' is eagerly awaited by fans of Mohanlal worldwide, as it brings together the Superstar and director M Padmakumar for the first time.

Padmakumar who had earlier directed films like 'Vargam', 'Vaasthavam' and 'Parunthu' tells a revenge story this time with 'Shikkar'.

Scripted by S Sureshbabu, the film has Mohanlal playing Balaraman, a lorry driver who holds an air of mystery around him. Ananya plays his daughter and Kailash her love interest.

There are also several other actors like Thalaivasal Vijay, Maithili, Sneha, Kalabhavan Mani, Lalu Alex, Jagathy Sreekumar and Suraj Venjaramoodu in the cast.

The technical crew boasts of such names as Maoj Pillai (Cinematography), Ranjan Abraham (Editing) and Manu Jagath (Art Direction).

The music of the film has been composed by M Jayachandran and the lyrics have been written by Gireesh Puthencherry.

'Shikkar' has been produced by K K Rajagopal under the banner of Sreeraj Creations.

Raavanan (Tamil: ராவணன், English: Ravana) is a 2010 Tamil–language film written, produced directed by Mani Ratnam. The film stars Vikram in the title role, with Aishwarya Rai and Prithviraj essaying the other leading roles as well as consisting of a strong supporting cast led by Karthik, Prabhu and Priyamani. Featuring dialagoues from Suhasini, music from A. R. Rahman, editing from Sreekar Prasad and cinematography shared by Santosh Sivan and V. Manikandan, the film was also made simultaneously in Hindi as Raavan, with a slightly different cast. It was simultaneously released in Tamil, Hindi and a dubbed version in Telugu^[1] on 18 June 2010.^[2]. It's premiere was held in London on 16 June 2010.^[3]

The film follows the crux of the epic Ramayana, with a ruthless police officer on the chase to find a tribal leader and lawbreaker, who has kidnapped his wife. Veeraiya, the kidnapper, is a Robin Hood-like figure to the tribals, and his motif for the kidnap has been led on by the death of his sister, as a result of police custodial torture and brutal rape. The film explores the search by the officer, whilst exploring the changing emotions the three protaganists experience with each other, leading to a riveting climax, situated in the jungle.

Raavanan was announced in February 2008, amidst much hype of the celebrated director, Mani Ratnam's return to Tamil films, whilst Vikram's and Aishwarya Rai's selection in the lead roles, creating more anticipation. Shooting began soon after, and took place in various locations with a record number of extras in areas including Chalakudy, Kerala and Ooty, Tamil Nadu amongst other regions throughout India. Prior to release, the film was given an universal rating by the Central Board of Film Certification and worldwide distribution rights for the trilingual versions were sold for a record Rs.350 crores.

The film opens with shots showing Veeraiya (Vikram) jumping off a cliff into water, readying himself for a kidnapping. Stones are thrown at police vehicles, grease is poured in police bike routes and women seduce policemen as a trap for Veera's henchmen to attack. The policemen are ruthelessly murdered, with Veera celebrating by enjoying his percussion and dancing. Raagini (Aishwarya Rai), on a boating trip, is kidnapped by Veera after he thrashes her boat with his boat, subsequently kidnapping her. Dev Prakash (Prithviraj), her husband and a senior police officer, hears this news and flashback begins

Veeraiyya is a local hero, a sort of Robin Hood- who runs a parallel govt in the areas near thirunalveli forests with brothers - Singarasan (Prabhu Ganesan) and Sakkarai (Munna). He is respected by several people, but is also considered a terrorist by the local police. He kidnaps Raagini - in order to avenge the death of his sister Vennila (Priyamani). Raagini is the wife of Superintendent of Police, Dev, who sets out to seek his wife out and to destroy Veeraiyya.

Dev enters the forests with an ST (Special Team) to seek out Veera, with the aid of Gnanaprakasam (Karthik Muthuraman)- a local forest guard. Despite searching deep into the forests, Dev is unable to find Veera's lair.

In the meanwhile - Raagini finds her reactions to Veera changing from hostility to pity and eventually to respect- after she hears the story of Veera's sister - Vennila. Her husband Dev - took a police team into the wedding of Veera's sister- and took a shot at Veera - injuring his neck causing him to escape. The police then arrested Vennila - and gang raped her in the police station. Vennila returned and commited suicide by drowning in a well.

In the meantime, Sakkarai - younger brother of Veera, decides to have a truce out with Dev. Dev initially seems to agree to a truce but when Sakkarai trustingly comes out of his hiding place from which he was parleying with Dev, Dev shoots him to death- revealing his intentions of destroying Veera being more important than his wife.

Veera and Singarasu - enraged - attack Dev's camp and wipe it out completely. A final confrontation between Veera and Dev takes place on a rickety bridge - where Veera triumphs over Dev - when he decides not to let Dev die. He tells Dev he is letting him live because of his wife, who is as pure as gold. Dev manages to extricate himself out and finds Raagini bound and tied up - with Veera leaving her.

However - Dev is not entirely happy and while returning to their hometown of Mettukudi, dev accuses Raagini of immorality and informs her that it was Veera who made these accusations to him. Furious, Raagini walks out of the train to meet Veera through Singarasu. She manages to meet him and to ask him why he made these accusations - Veera is puzzled and tells her he did not - until he realizes that Dev used Raagini as a pawn to lead him to her.

Dev appears with a police team and shoots down Veera - who falls to his death. Raagini (who seems to be suffering from the (Stockholm syndrome) tried to save him but he pushes her away.

Cast

• Vikram as Veeraiya
• Aishwarya Rai as Ragini
• Prithviraj as Dev Prakash
• Karthik as Gnanaprakasam
• Prabhu as Singarasan
• Priyamani as Vennila
• Munna as Sakkarai
• John Vijay as Hemanth Kumar
• Ranjitha as Annam

Shooting began inthe southern part of Tumkur, Karnataka at the end of October 2008. Mani Ratnam became ill during filming, which delayed the filming for a few months in 2009.^[4] However, the film began its last schedule in August 2009. The film finished filming and went into post-production in October 2009.^[5] V. Manikandan was hired as the film's cinematographer. However, he was replaced in early 2009 by Santosh Sivan.^[6][7]

This film has numerous action scenes and stunts performed by the actors. The Kerala martial art form Kalarippayattu is also featured in the film.^[8] Dancer Astad Deboo choreographed a passionate chase scene and tandav dance between Vikram and Aishwarya Bachchan for the film.^[9][10] Choreographers Shobana, who starred in Ratnam's Thalapathi, along with Ganesh Acharya and Brinda have choreographed in Raavanan. Indian fashion designer Sabyasachi Mukherjee designed Aishwarya Rai's costumes in the film.^[11]

Filming took place in numerous locations around India including the forests of Karnataka (Tumkur), Kerala, Ooty, Jhansi, Kolkata, Mahabaleshwar and in the Malshej Ghats in Maharashtra.^[12][13][14] While filming in Kerala, the production temporarily ran afoul of forest officials for reportedly not following regulations; the issues were resolved by October 22, 2008.

Pokkiri Raja beats T:20 record!

Mammootty and Prithviraj’s mass masala entertainer Pokkiri Raja, has created box-office history by collecting a distributors share of Rs 2 crore 21 lakhs in its opening week from 110 screens in India (90 of them are in Kerala).

As per trade sources: “Pokkiri Raja has scored at the box-office by beating the existing record of Twenty:20, which did Rs 2.03 crore in the first week. The single biggest share is from Kozhikode Apsara (Rs 8.75 lakh), followed by Kavita, Ernakulam (Rs 7.67 lakh).

The critics may not like the film, but masses are freaking out on it. However the trade is not willing to give Mammootty full credit for the film. Says a theatre owner from Malabar area of the state where the film is doing extraordinary business: “ Mammooka appears only towards the interval point of the film. It is Prithviraj who carries the show. I would give the younger actor 55 percent for the success of the film.” Says a prominent theatre owner from Thiruvananthapuram district: “Both Mammookka and Prithviraj fans worked in tandem for the success of the film.” Any which way you lookPokkiri Raja, is surely the biggest hit of the year so far.

Mammootty

Mammootty the Malayalam movie megastar was born to Ismail (an agriculturist) and Fatima (a homemaker). He had two younger brothers Ibrahim and Zakariah; and three sisters, Ameena, Sauda and Shafina. He did his high school (pre-degree) at Maharaja's College, Thevara and then studied law at Ernakulam Government Law College. It was during his days at Maharajah's that he got his first role a bit part in Anubhavangal Paalichakal in 1971. He practised as a criminal lawyer in Manjiri for 2 years. He got married in 1980 to Sulfaath. He was 'discovered' by M.T. Vasudevan Nair who cast him in the unfinished 'Devalokam'. K.G. George was another mentor of Mammootty's who made him into a bankable superstar. He has a daughter, Surmi (b. 1982) and a son, Dulquar Salman (1986). Along with Mohanlal he was the most prominent leading male actor of Malayalam movies in the 80's and 90's. He made a brief foray into Hindi films but did not create much of an impact. He has won numerous Indian National awards.

While he was a law student he and his friends streaked through the streets of Ernakulam (Kerala, India) as part of a bet.

Along with Mohanlal, he is considered the biggest star of Malayalam movies.

Has won the National Award for Best Actor numerous times, for his roles in Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989), Mathilukal (1990), Ponthan Mada (1994), Vidheyan (1994), and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000).

Patron of the Pain and Palliative Care Society, a charitable organization formed with the aim of improving the quality of life in patients with advanced cancer and with chronic pain.

As an actor he is quite ambitious. It was his childhood dream to act in a movie, become a great star, earn the love and respect of the people of his land, his country and the whole world.

Won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in Kaazhcha (2004).

He took his Pre-Degree from Sacred Heart Colege, Thevara, Ernakulam and Bachelor of Arts from Maharajas Colege, Ernakulam. He also secured a LLB from Law Colege, Ernakulam. He was practicing as an advocate whilst he become active in to movies.

Awards for Mammootty

National Film Awards, India

1999 Won Silver Lotus Award Best Actor
for: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000)
Tied with Ajay Devgan for Zakhm (1998).

1994 Won Silver Lotus Award Best Actor
for: Ponthan Mada (1994)
Also for Vidheyan (1994).

1990 Won Silver Lotus Award Best Actor
for: Mathilukal (1990)
Also for Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989).

Kerala State Film Awards

2005 Won Kerala State Film Award Best Actor
for: Kaazhcha (2004)

1994 Won Kerala State Film Award Best Actor
for: Vidheyan (1994)
Also for Ponthan Mada (1994) and Vatsalyam (1993).

1990 Won Kerala State Film Award Best Actor
for: Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989)
Also for Mrigaya (1989) and Mahayanam (1989).

1986 Won Kerala State Film Award Special Jury Award
for: Yaathra (1985)
Also for Nirakkoottu (1985).

1985 Won Kerala State Film Award Best Actor
for: Adiyozhukkukal (1984)

1982 2nd place Kerala State Film Award Best Actor
for: Ahimsa (1981)

Filmfare Awards South

2007 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Karutha Pakshikal (2006)

2004 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Kaazhcha (2004)

2001 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Arayannegalude Veedu (2000)

1997 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Bhoothakkannadi (1997)

1991 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Amaram (1991)

1990 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Mathilukal (1990)

1985 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Yaathra (1985)
Also for Nirakkoottu (1985).

1984 Won Filmfare Award - Malayalam Film Industry Best Actor
for: Adiyozhukkukal (1984)

Kerala Film Critics Association Awards

2007 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Karutha Pakshikal (2006)
Also for Palunku (2006).

1997 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Bhoothakkannadi (1997)

1994 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Sukrutham (1994)

1993 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Soorya Manasam (1992)
Also for Aayirappara (1993) and Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992).

1991 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989)
Also for Mathilukal (1990) and Mrigaya (1989).

1988 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Thaniyavartanam (1987)
Also for New Delhi (1987).

1986 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Yaathra (1985)
Also for Nirakkoottu (1985).

1985 Won KFCA Award Best Actor
for: Aksharangal (1984)
Also for Kanamarayathu (1984).

1982 Won KFCA Award Best Supporting Actor
for: Yavanika (1982)

OTHER AWARDS & HONOURS:-

Mammootty was awarded the "PADMASREE" in 1998,
for his contributions to the Indian Cinema

Shantaram Award (Movie : Dr. Ambedkar)

Asia Pacific Merlian Award

Cinema Express (Various Movies, years)

Ramu Karyat Award

Screen Award

Mammokkas FIlims


1 Pazhassi Raja (2009) (post-production) .... Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja
2 Loud Speaker (2009)......Mike
3 Daddy Cool (2009) .... Antony Simon
4 Ee Pattanathil Bhootham (2009) .... Jimmy/Bhootham
5 Love in Singapore (2009) .... Machu
6 Kutty Srank: The Sailor of Hearts (2009) .... Kutty Srank
7 Twenty:20 (2008) .... Adv. Ramesh Nambiar
8 Maya Bazar (2008) .... Rameshan
9 Parunthu (2008) .... Parunthu purushu
10 Annan Thambi (2008) .... Appu / Achu
11 Roudram (2008) .... Asst Commissioner 'Nari' Narendran
12 Katha Parayumpol (2007) .... Ashokraj
13 Nasrani (2007) .... David John Kottaram
14 Ore Kadal (2007) .... Dr. S. R. Nathan
15 Mission 90 Days (2007) .... Major Sivaram
16 Big B (2007) .... Bilal
17 Mayavi (2007) .... Mahi (Mayavi)
18 Kayyoppu (2007) .... K. Balachandran
19 Palunku (2006) .... Monichan
20 Karutha Pakshikal (2006) .... Murughan
21 Pothan Vava (2006) .... Pothan Vava
22 Bhargavacharitham Moonnam Khandam (2006) .... Current Bhargavan
23 Prajapathi (2006) .... Devarmadom Narayanan
24 Balram vs. Tharadas (2006) .... Dy.SP Belram / Tharadas
25 Thuruppu Gulan (2006) .... 'Gulan' Kunjumon
26 Bus Conductor (2005) .... Sulthanveettil Zakkir Hussein
27 Rajamanikyam (2005) .... Rajamanikyam (Bellari Raja)
28 Nerariyan CBI (2005) .... Sethurama Iyer... Oru CBI Diary Kurippu Part IV
29 Rappakal (2005) .... Krishnan
30 Thaskara Veeran (2005) .... Arakkalam Baby
31 Thommanum Makkalum (2005) .... Sivan
32 Vesham (2004) .... Appukuttan Menon
33 Black (2004/I) .... Karikkamuri Shanmughan
34 Sau Jhooth Ek Sach (2004) .... Inspector Vivek
35 Vishwa Thulasi (2004) .... Vishwam
36 Kaazhcha (2004) .... Madhavan
37 Aparichithan (2004) .... Raghuram
38 Vajram (2004) .... Devarajan
39 Sethurama Iyer CBI (2004) .... Sethurama Iyer.. Oru CBI Diary Kurippu Part III
40 Pattalam (2003) .... Major Pattabhiraman
41 Chronic Bachelor (2003) .... Sathyaprathapan
42 Karmegam (2002)
43 Danny (2002) .... Danny
44 Kaiyethum Doorath (2002) .... Gopinathan
45 Phantom (2002) .... Phantom Pailey
46 Dubai (2001) .... Ravi Mammen
47 Rakshasa Rajav (2001)
48 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000) .... Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
49 Kandukondain Kandukondain (2000) .... Captain Bala
50 Arayannegalude Veedu (2000) .... Ravindranath Menon
51 Dada Sahib (2000) .... Dada Mohammad Sahib/Abubacker
52 Narashimham (2000) .... Nandagopal Marar
53 Valliettan (2000) .... Arackal Madhavanunni
54 Ethirum Puthirum (1999)
55 Ezhupunna Tharakan (1999) .... Sunny Tharakan
56 Megham (1999) .... Col. Ravivarma Thampuran
57 Pallavur Devanarayanan (1999) .... Pallavur Devanarayana Pothuval
58 Prempujari (1999) .... Guest Role
59 Stalin Sivadas (1999) .... Sivadas
60 Thachiledathu Chundan (1999) .... Kochu Kunju
61 The Godman (1999) .... Amarnath, M
62 The Truth (1998) .... Bharath Patteri
63 Elavamkodu Desam (1998) .... Jathavethan
64 Harikrishnans (1998) .... Harikrishnan
65 Marumalarchi (1998) .... Rasu Padayachi
66 Oru Maravathoor Kanavu (1998) .... Chandy
67 Railway Coolie (1998)
68 Sidhartha (1998) .... Sidharthan
69 Bhoothakkannadi (1997) .... Vidyadharan
70 Arasiyal (1997)
71 Kaliyoonjal (1997) .... Nandagopalan
72 Oral Mathram (1997) .... Hareendran
73 Puthayal (1997) .... Captain Viswanath
74 Udyanapalakan (1996) .... Sudhakaran Nair
75 Indraprastham (1996) .... Satheesh Menon
76 Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan (1996) .... Dr. Anantha Padmanabhan
77 Hitler (1996) .... 'Hitler' Madhavankutty
78 Azhakiya Ravanan (1996) .... Shankar Das
79 Suryaputrulu (1996)
80 Makkal Aatchi (1995) .... Sethupathi (Thalaivar)
81 The King (1995) .... Thevalliparambil Joseph Alex
82 Ormmakalalundayirikanam (1995) .... Tailor Bhaskaran (Bhasi)
83 No: 1 Sneha Theeram Bangalore North (1995) .... Vijaya Bhasker
84 Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary (1995) .... Kuruvilla Aniyan Kuruvilla
85 Mazhayethum Munpe (1995) .... Nandakumar Varma
86 Sukrutham (1994) .... Ravishankar
87 Sagaram Sakshi (1994) .... Balachandran
88 Vishnu (1994) .... Vishnu
89 Ponthan Mada (1994) .... Mada
90 Vidheyan (1994) .... Bhaskar Patelar
91 Vivekananda (1994) .... Maharajah
92 Golanthara Vartha (1993) .... Ramesan Nair
93 Padheyam (1993) .... Chandradas
94 Kilipetchu Ketkava (1993) .... Chidambaram (School Master)
95 Sainyam (1993) .... Gp Capt A.J. Eashwar
96 Sarovaram (1993) .... Devadathan (Music Conductor)
97 Palayam (1993) .... Christi
98 Dhartiputra (1993) .... Kapil Dev Singh
99 Jackpot (1993) .... Gautham Krishna (Jockey)
100 Vatsalyam (1993) .... Meledathu Raghvan Nair
101 Aayirappara (1993) .... Shouwri
102 Dhruvam (1993) .... Narasimha Mannadiyar
103 Swathi Kiranam (1992) .... Anantha Rama Sharma
104 Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992) .... Balachandran
105 Kizhakkan Pathrose (1992) .... Pathrose
106 Mahanagaram (1992) .... K. Viswanathan
107 Johnnie Walker (1992) .... John Varghese
108 Soorya Manasam (1992) .... 'Puttu' Urumees
109 Kauravar (1992) .... Antony
110 Azhakan (1991) .... Azhakappan
111 Neelagiri (1991) .... Sivan
112 Dalapati (1991) .... Devaraj
113 Anaswaram (1991) .... Daniel D'Souza
114 Kanalkkattu (1991) .... Nathu Narayanan
115 Adayalam (1991) .... Capt. Hariharan
116 Inspector Balram (1991) .... Circle Inspector Balram 'Balu'
117 Nayam Vekthamakkunnu (1991) .... Sukumaran (Political Leader)
118 Amaram (1991) .... Achootty (Achuthan Kutty)
119 Parampara (1990) .... Johny, Lawrence
120 Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu (1990) .... Haridas Damodaran (Supdt.of Police)
121 Kuttettan (1990) .... Vishnu Narayanan
122 Iyer the Great (1990) .... Soorya Narayana Iyer
123 Oliyampukal (1990) .... Arackal Baby Mathew
124 Kalikkalam (1990) .... Shankar/Antony/Tony

Louis/Gauthaman/Pappan/Vasudevan/Ramakrishnan
125 Samrajyam (1990) .... Alexander
126 Mathilukal (1990) .... Basheer
127 Midhya (1990) .... Venugopal
128 Kottayam Kunjachan (1990) .... Kottayam Kunjachan
129 Purappad (1990) .... Viswanathan
130 Thriyathri (1990) .... Estate Owner
131 Mrigaya (1989) .... Varunni
132 Mahayanam (1989) .... Chandran
133 Nair Saab (1989) .... Major Ravindran Nair
134 Jagratha (1989) .... Sethurama Iyer ..CBI Diary Part II
135 Ardham (1989) .... Ben Narendran
136 Carnival (1989) .... Bharathan
137 Adharvam (1989) .... Anantha Padmanabhan
138 Utharam (1989) .... Balachandran Nair
139 Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989) .... Chanthu Chekavar
140 Adikkurippu (1989) .... Adv. Bhaskera Pillai
141 Mudra (1989) .... Supervisor Ramabhadran
142 Charithram (1989) .... Philipose Manavalan (Thampi)
143 Mounam Sammadham (1989)
144 Sanghnadam (1988) .... Chandran
145 Mukthi (1988) .... A Haridas
146 Thanthram (1988) .... Adv. George Korah Vettickal
147 Nineteen Twenty One (1988) .... Khadir …..Ayarthi Thollayirathi Irupathonnu
148 Mattoral (1988) .... Balan
149 August 1 (1988) .... Perumal (DSP)
150 Sankham (1988) .... Kuttappai
151 Abkari (1988) .... Vasu
152 Oru CBI Diary Kurippu (1988) .... Sethurama Iyer
153 Dhinarathrangal (1988) .... Aravindan
154 Vicharana (1988) .... Sethumadhavan
155 Manu Uncle (1988) .... Manu
156 Nalkkavala (1987) .... Babu
157 Anantaram (1987) .... Dr. Balu
158 Aankiliyude Tharattu (1987) .... Haridas
159 Manivatharile Aayiram Sivarathrikal (1987) .... Dr. Vinayachandran
160 Thaniyavartanam (1987) .... Balan Maruthempilly (Bala Gopalan)
161 New Delhi (1987) .... G. Krishnamoorthy
162 Kalam Mari Katha Mari (1987) .... Kamarudden
163 Athinumappuram (1987) .... Ravindran
164 Adimakal Udamakal (1987) .... Raghavan
165 Nombarathi Poovu (1987) .... Dr. Padmanabhan
166 Ithrayum Kalam (1987) .... Varghese
167 Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu (1987) .... Sreedharan
168 Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku (1987) .... Roy Thampi
169 Kathakku Pinnil (1987) .... Thampi (Dramatist)
170 Kottum Kuravayum (1987) .... Damu
171 Ennu Nathante Nimmi (1986) .... Mahesh
172 Rareeram (1986) .... Nandakumar
173 Kochu Themmadi (1986) .... Sekharan Master
174 Aval Kathirunnu Avanum (1986) .... Gopinath
175 Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil (1986) .... Viswanathan (Musician)
176 Sayam Sandhya (1986) .... Sivaprasad
177 Padayani (1986) .... Sudhakaran
178 Pranamam (1986) .... Prathapan (Dy.s.p.)
179 Geetham (1986) .... Yatheendran
180 Veendum (1986) .... Vijaya Chandran
181 Ee Kaikalil (1986) .... Sultan Abdul Razak
182 Nyayavidhi (1986) .... Paramu
183 Aavanazhi (1986) .... Balram
184 Poovinnu Puthiya Poonthennal (1986) .... Kiran (Business Man)
185 Ice Cream (1986) .... Thampi
186 Aayiram Kannukal (1986) .... Dr. Sam
187 Moonnu Masangalkku Munpu (1986) .... Dr. Rajasekhran
188 Nandi Veendum Varika (1986) .... Mohandas C. K.
189 Gandhinagar 2nd Street (1986) .... Balachandran (Guest Role)
190 Adukkan Entheluppam (1986) .... Srinivasan Nair
191 Snehamulla Simham (1986) .... Vaishakhan
192 Kaveri (1986) .... Dr. Hari
193 Neram Pularumbol (1986) .... Brother Lawrence
194 Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kathu (1986) .... Isacc Peter
195 Arappatta Kettiya Graamathil (1986) .... Zachariah
196 Prathyekam Sradhikuka (1986) .... Suresh
197 Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku (1986) .... Adv. Ravindranath
198 Malarum Kiliyum (1986) .... Balachandran
199 Kariyila Kattu Pole (1986) .... Harikrishnan
200 Vartha (1986) .... Madhavan Kutty
201 Aalorungi Arangorungi (1986) .... Rajan (Sun-Inspector)
202 Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu (1986) .... (Guest Role)
203 Ithile Iniyum Varu (1986) .... Aravindan
204 Shyama (1986) .... Viswanathan
205 Oru Katha Oru Nunnakkatha (1986) .... Prof. Mohandas
206 Ennennum Kannettante (1986)
207 Akalathe Ambili (1985) .... Ajayan
208 Kandu Kandarinju (1985) .... Sreedharan
209 Kathodu Kathoram (1985) .... Louis
210 Upaharam (1985) .... Dr. Jeevan Thomas
211 Karimpin Poovinakkare (1985) .... Sivan
212 Aa Neram Alppa Dooram (1985) .... Jameskutty
213 Puli Varunne Puli (1985) .... Jayaraman
214 Vilichu Vilikettu (1985) .... Vijayan
215 Kanathaya Penkutty (1985) .... Rajmohan
216 Ee Lokam Ivide Kure Manushyar (1985) .... Ummer
217 Yaathra (1985) .... Unnikrishnan
218 Nirakkoottu (1985) .... Ravi Varma
219 Idanilangal (1985) .... Vijayan
220 Iniyum Katha Thudarum (1985) .... Ravindran
221 Puzhayozhukum Vazhi (1985) .... Gopalan
222 Ente Kanakkuyil (1985) .... Mohan Kumar
223 Angadikkappurath (1985) .... Jose
224 Ayanam (1985) .... Johny
225 Oru Nokku Kanan (1985) .... Jayadevan
226 Onningu Vannengil (1985) .... Mohan Das
227 Manya Mahajanangale (1985) .... Devan
228 Oru Sandesam Koodi (1985) .... Vijayan
229 Katha Ithu Vare (1985) .... Balachandran
230 Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam (1985) .... Dr. Ramachandran
231 Anu Bandham (1985) .... Muraleedharan Master
232 Oduvil Kittiya Vartha (1985) .... Gopalan Kutty
233 Makan Ente Makan (1985) .... Prakasan
234 Thammil Thammil (1985) .... Dr. Rajagopal
235 Eeran Sandhya (1985) .... Madhavankutty
236 Ee Thanalil Ithiri Neram (1985) .... Vijayan
237 Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu (1985) .... Dr. M. K. Haridas
238 Avidathepole Ivideyum (1985) .... Anirudhan
239 Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya (1985) .... Sreekumar
240 Thinkalazhcha Nalla Divasam (1985) .... Gopan
241 Kodathi (1984) .... Rajendran
242 Aalkkoottathil Thaniye (1984) .... Rajan
243 Aarorumariyathe (1984) .... P. G. Venugopal
244 Aattuvanchi Ulanjappol (1984) .... Adv. S. N. Balachandran
245 Aayiram Abilashangal (1984) .... Devadasan
246 Adiyozhukkukal (1984) .... Karunan
247 Akkare (1984) .... Ismail
248 Aksharangal (1984) .... Jayadevan (writer)
249 Alakadalinakkare (1984) .... Anand
250 Anithichuvappu (1984) .... George Kutty
251 Ariyatha Veethikal (1984) .... Ravi
252 Athirathram (1984) .... Tharadas
253 Chakkarayumma (1984) .... Babu
254 Edavelakku Sesham (1984) .... Jayadevan (Sub Inspector)
255 Engane Undasane (1984) .... Gopikuttan Pillai
256 Ente Upasana (1984) .... Arjunan
257 Ethirppukal (1984) .... Kochu Baby
258 Itha Innu Muthal (1984) .... Adv. Jayamohan
259 Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove (1984) .... Balagopalan
260 Kanamarayathu (1984) .... Roy Varghese
261 Koottinilamkili (1984) .... Krishnanunni
262 Lakshmana Rekha (1984) .... Sukumaran Nair
263 Mangalam Nerunnu (1984) .... Babu
264 Manithali (1984) .... Zulfikar
265 Onnanu Nammal (1984) .... Sethu
266 Onnum Mindatha Bharya (1984) .... Achuthan Nair (M.D. Of a Hospital)
267 Oru Kochukatha Aarum Parayatha Katha (1984) .... Dr. Surendran
268 Pavam Poornima (1984) .... Jayaraj
269 Sandharbham (1984) .... Ravi
270 Sandhyakenthinu Sindooram (1984) .... Raghunathan (Teacher)
271 Thirakil Alppam Samayam (1984) .... Antony
272 Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram (1984) .... Jose
273 Vetta (1984) .... Rathish (Sub Inspector of Police)
274 Vikatakavi (1984) .... Usman (Driver)
275 Eettillam (1983) .... Sivan
276 Aa Rathri (1983) .... Ravi
277 Adaminte Variyellu (1983) .... Jose
278 America America (1983) .... Ramesh
279 Asthram (1983) .... Balu
280 Chakravalam Chuvannappol (1983) .... Vasu
281 Changatham (1983) .... Tony Francis
282 Coolie (1983/II) .... Kunchali
283 Ente Katha (1983) .... Babu
284 Guru Dakshina (1983) .... John
285 Himavahini (1983) .... Gopi
286 Iniyenkilum (1983) .... Divakaran
287 Kattaruvi (1983) .... Vasu
288 Kinnaram (1983) .... Balachandran (Guest Role)
289 Kodumkattu (1983) .... Musthafa
290 Koodevide? (1983) .... Captain Thomas
291 Lekhayude Maranam: Oru Flashback (1983) .... Prem Sagar (Film Star)
292 Maniyara (1983) .... Shameer
293 Mansoru Maha Samudram (1983) .... Venugopal
294 Marakkillorikkalum (1983) (uncredited) .... Man at the Park
295 Naanayam (1983) .... Raju
296 Nathi Muthal Nathi Vare (1983) .... Raju
297 Onnu Chirikku (1983) .... Unnikrishnan
298 Oru Madapravinte Katha (1983) .... Balachandran
299 Oru Mukham Pala Mukham (1983) .... Sankara Narayanan Thampi
300 Oru Swakaryam (1983) .... Usman
301 Pin Nilavu (1983) .... Unni
302 Prathigna (1983) .... Hamsa
303 Rachana (1983) .... Gopi
304 Rugma (1983) .... Raghu
305 Sagaram Santham (1983) .... Ananthan
306 Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu (1983) .... Adv. M. S. Jayamohan
307 Sesham Kazhchayil (1983) .... Jagadish (Swimming Coach)
308 Theeram Thedunna Thira (1983) .... Madhu
309 Visa (1983) .... Shereef
310 Innalenkil Nale (1982) .... Rahim (Driver)
311 Balloon (1982) .... Muthukoya
312 Aa Divasom (1982) .... Sub Inspector Balachandran
313 Amrutha Geetham (1982) .... Suresh (Inspector)
314 Champalakadu (1982) .... Beeran
315 Chiriyo Chiri (1982) .... Bit Part
316 Ee Nadu (1982) .... Salim
317 Enthino Pookunna Pookal (1982) .... Sivaraman
318 Idiyum Minnalum (1982) .... Prabhakaran
319 John Jaffer Janardhanan (1982) .... Janardhanan
320 Keni (1982) .... Babu
321 Komaran (1982) .... Babu
322 Oru Thira Pinneyum Thira (1982) .... Jayadevan (Street Singer)
323 Padayottam (1982) .... Kammaran
324 Ponnum Poovum (1982) .... Salim
325 Pooviriyum Pulari (1982) .... Ramesh
326 Postmortem (1982) .... Johny
327 Sara Varsham (1982) .... Rajashekharan
328 Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam (1982) .... Deepthi's Father
329 Thadakom (1982)
330 Veedu (1982) .... Rajasekhara Menon
331 Vidhichathum Kothichathum (1982)
332 Yavanika (1982) .... Jacob Eeraly (Sub Inspector of Police)
333 Ahimsa (1981) .... Vasu
334 Oothikachiya Ponnu (1981) .... Thoman Kutty
335 Thrishna (1981) .... Krishnadas
336 Munnettam (1981) .... Rajappan
337 Sphodanam (1981) .... Thankappan
338 Mela (1980) .... Vijayan(Motor cyclists of a circus company)
339 Vilkkanundu Swapnangal (1980) .... Madhavankutty
340 Anubhavangal Palichakal (1971) (uncredited) .... Man in the crowd

Vishu

Vishu is the harvest festival of Kerala observed on the first day of the Medam month (April – May) of Malayalam Panchang. It is the first day in Malayalam calendar. Vishu 2010 date is April 15. This festival is also celebrated in Tulu Nadu region in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In some places Vishu is known as Bisu. Vishu festival also marks the day of Mesha Sankranti or Mesha Sankraman during which Sun transits to the first zodiac – Mesha Rashi or Aries zodiac. Literally, Vishu means equal and signifies one of the equinox. Malayalam calendar is also known as Kollavarsham.

Vishu festival or the first day of Medam month is considered as the astrological New Year day whereas the official Malayalam New Year starts in Chingam month (August – September).

Vishu festival is the dawn of another new year and is regarded as the main harvest festival throughout Kerala. Observers worship their god, Vishukkani with various traditional articles like golden cucumber, betel leaves, raw rice, yellow flowers or konna (Cassia fistula), arecanut, fresh linen, metal mirror, a holy text with coins in a bell metal vessel known as uruli, lighted bell metal lamp called nilavilakku. Entire arrangement is complete on the previous night so they would walk to the puja room next morning with eyes closed and Vishukkani would be the first object to see as they would open their eyes.

Mammootty's 'Pokkiri Raja'

After the super success of AMMA's magnum opus 'Twenty:20', ace scriptwriters Sibi K Thomas -Uday Krissna will once again team up with the megastar Mammootty for the film titled 'Pokkiri Raja'.

Mammootty will don the title role in this movie which will be the debut venture of young director Vysakh.

The movie which will be produced by Tomichan Mulakupadom in the banner of Mulakupadom Films will also have Jassie Gift making a comeback to Malayalam cinema ,after a couple of years. The movie will feature four songs from Jassie.

Vysakh, who has been the assistant to hit director Johnny Antony, was also the associate of ‘Twenty:20’.

PRAMANI

Pramaani movie tells the story of two villages. One village was under the control of Viswanatha Panicker (MegastarMammootty) and other was under Castro Vareethu. Viswanatha Panicker is the Panchayat president since 25 years. He has acquired immense wealth with the position. He has got many deeds of lands pledged by the poor people in the village.

But Castro Vareethu was totally different. He was a communist and wanted his villagers to live peacefully. Viswanatha Panicker did all sort of mischief against Vareethu. Meanwhile, a lady took charge as Panchayat secretary (Sneha). She tried to expose panicker's corruption.

WHO IS BEST MAMMOOKKA OR LALETTAN?

Mammooty or Mohanlal the best

Let us discuss and analyse in Detail.
Do you know who came to the Industry First?
Is it Mohanlal Or Mammootty? Mohanlal is senior. He came to the Industry in Randu Janmam in 1978.
Mammootty Came to the industry with Vilkkanundu Swapnangal in 1980.
So Mohanlal completed 31 years and Mammootty Completed 29 Years in Movie Industry. Till date Mohanlal Acted in How many Movies?
Mohanlal Acted 295 Movies in 31 years Till date Mammootty Acted in How Many Movies? Mammootty Acted in 341 Movies in 29 years.
Why it is like that?
We need to analyze the reasons in detail.
Producers were so confident about Mammootty. He was the star of Families in 80's and they got their money back. Mohanlal was not so successful at that time and compared to Mammootty he got less number of films even though he is senior to Mammootty in movie experience. Mammootty has 18 block buster movies and Mohanlal has 12 block buster Movies. (The list is produced below)
Among Mammootty and Mo0hanlal Who got the National Award First? Mammootty got in 1989 and Mohanlal got it in 1991 only. Mammootty got Bets actor National Award 3 times while Mohanlal got 2 times. When Mammootty Got the National Award in 1989 for Vadakkan Veera Ghadha and Mathilukal, He has beaten Mohanlal in Kireedam. So a junior won over a senior. I think you are getting the picture clearly. Both got best actor state award for 6 times. In 2008 they have not given Mammootty the best actor and gave it to Prithviraj for Vasthavam. The jury T K Rajiv Kumar might have got some money from Prithviraj. He is saying that Prithviraj's role was better than Mammootty's Role in Karutha Pakshikal and Ore Kadal. What sarcasm!!. I am sure nobody will be remembering the role which Prithvi did in Vasthavam. Somebody was saying that Mammootty did not give date to T.K Rajiv Kumar and because of this grudge he has not given him the best actor award!! In the state award also the senior Mohanlal got it for the first time in 1987 while the junior Mammootty got it 2 years earlier in 1985. Now film critic’s award. Mammootty got it 9 times for best actor and Mohanlal got it for only once. Mammootty got film fare award for best actor 8 times and Mohanlal got only once!!! Here also what happened to the senior Mohanlal!! OK now let us come PadmaShri award. Our Nations great civilian award given for achievements in their own field. Who got it first? Mammooty or Mohanlal? Mammootty got it in 1998 and Senior Mohanlal had to wait for another 2 yaers to get it. In 2001 he got it. Now you might say that Mohanlal got Lt.Conol award. Man it is not an award. Anyone can join in the army as lt.Conol. You can also join if you are willing. If you are a famous man you will get some additional publicity. That is the only advantage. Now Pazhassi Raja. Gokulam Gopalan pumped 27 crores for a malayalam movie! Do you know what is the average cost of a malayalam movie? It is between 4 to 6 crores for a superstar movie. And if that movie makes 3 crores profit, then it is considered a block buster. Do you think anyone will pump that much money for a Mohanlal movie? Mammooty is so professional. Becuause of that reason Gogulam Gopalan spent 27 crores for a malayam movie. This movie has already collected 18 crores in 25 days from kerala. It is still running in 125 Theatres in kerala and is going to release in 400 theatres in India (Out of which 120 theatres in Tamil Nadu). No producer will dare to spend this much money to a mohanlal movie. because they will think about the plights of Angel John, Photographer , Vamanapuram Bus Route , Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu , Chathurangam , Thandavam , Onnaman , Praja , Sradha , The Prince , Kadathanadan Ambadi etc!!! Mohan Lal is a Born actor and Mammooty is a Method actor. Born actor is like Gold. It has same shining and purity always. Method actor is like diamond. The brightness and clarity will increase the more you polish it. So for MOhanlal. If you take you can see same Mohanlal in more than 1 movies. Nadodikattu, Velnakalude Nadu, Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam etc are same. Mannerism remains same but situation changes. If you compare closely Kilukkam, Chithram etc are same. Same as his Moutache roles. But Mammooty.. he clearly observe people and bring it to his characters. He does his homework very well. Thats why you can see the same mohanlal in all the movies. Some have asked here whether mammooty can do the role of Mohanlal did it in Vanaprastha and Kamala Dalam. Its all Bull ****. Can Mohanlal do Pazhassi Raja, Vadakkan Veera Gadha, Amaram, Kaiyoppu, Vidheyan, Raja Manikyam, CBI Sethuramayyar, Ambedkar, Danny, Ponthan Mada, Soorya Manasam, Mrigaya, Thaniyavarthanam???? Can Mohanlal changes his way of dialogue delivery? He is the same mohanlal in all the movies. But if you take Mammooty delivers different modulation and Style. In Visheyan he uses a different dialect of Kerala Karnataka Border people. In Raja Manikyam he uses Trivandrum style. In Amaram he uses Mukkuva dialect. In thuruppu Gulan he imitates and tries 8 different voice modulations. In King...It is enegetic. In Pazhassiraja..it is so royal...In Vadakkan veeraghadha..it is so vadakkan...If he plays Achayan roles..the sound also chages to suit to Kottayam and Pala achayans. In Kazhcha he is so "naadan". In Loud speaker it is another different modulation. In Dada Saheb it is malabar. When he plays Brahmin...the sound also changes. Especially when he plays tamil brahmin (CBI)...my god it is so pure tamil Brahmin. Now for all of you, I am just mentioning a details list of Mammooty and Mohanlal movies. The movies are classified into Block Buster, Super Hit, Hit, Average, Flop, Disaster and Art Movies. Mammootty's Block Buster Movies (18 Movies) Pazhassi Raja Twenty:20 Annan Thambi Katha Parayumpol Rajamanikyam Narashimham The King Pappayude Swantham Appoos Thalapathi Inspector Balram Amaram Samrajyam Nair Saab Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha Oru CBI Diary Kurippu New Delhi Aavanazhi Nirakkoottu Mohanlal's Block Buster Movies (12 Movies) Twenty:20 Udayananu Tharam Narashimham Aaram Thamburan Sphadikam Devasuram Manichithrathazhu Kilukkam Kireedam Chithram Irupatham Noottandu Nadodikkattu Mammootty's Super Hit Movies (41 Movies) Ee Pattanathil Bhootham Mayavi Thuruppu Gulan Nerariyan CBI Thommanum Makkalum Kaazhcha Sethurama Iyer CBI Chronic Bachelor Kandukondain Kandukondain Arayannegalude Veedu Dada Sahib Valliettan Harikrishnans Oru Maravathoor Kanavu Hitler Azhakiya Ravanan Mazhayethum Munpe Padheyam Vatsalyam Dhruvam Soorya Manasam Iyer the Great Kottayam Kunjachan Mrigaya Mahayanam Adharvam Nineteen Twenty One August 1 Sankham Thaniyavartanam Gandhinagar 2nd Street Vartha Yaathra Adiyozhukkukal Kanamarayathu Sandharbham Koodevide? Ee Nadu Padayottam Yavanika Ahimsa Mohan Lal's Super Hit Movies (36 Movies) Unnaipol Oruvan Hello Keerthi Chakra Balettan Kilichundan Mampazham Company Harikrishnans Kanmadam Summer in Bethlahem Thenmavin Kombath Kamaladalam Yodha Advaitham Bharatham No: 20 Madras Mail Aye Auto His Highness Abdullah Naaduvazhikal Varavelppu Pattana Pravesham Gandhinagar 2nd Street Vartha Rajavinte Makan Thalavattam T P Balagopalan M A Yuvajanotsavam Boeing Boeing Adiyozhukkukal Nokkathaa Dhoorathu Kannum Nattu Poochakkoru Mookkuthi Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku Ente Mohangal Poovaninju Padayottam Ahimsa Thenum Vayambum Manjil Virinja Pookkal Mammootty's Hit Movies (77 Movies) Loud Speaker Daddy Cool Roudram Nasrani Big B Palunku Karutha Pakshikal Pothan Vava Balram vs Tharadas Bus Conductor Rappakal Thaskara Veeran Vesham Black Aparichithan Vajram Rakshasa Rajav Thachiledathu Chundan The Truth Elavamkodu Desam Bhoothakkannadi Kaliyoonjal Makkal Aatchi Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary Sukrutham Golanthara Vartha Sainyam Jackpot Johnnie Walker Kauravar Azhakan Nayam Vekthamakkunnu Kuttettan Kalikkalam Jagratha Ardham Adikkurippu Manu Uncle Manivatharile Aayiram Sivarathrikal Adimakal Udamakal Nombarathi Poovu Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil Sayam Sandhya Veendum Nyayavidhi Poovinnu Puthiya Poonthennal Moonnu Masangalkku Munpu Nandi Veendum Varika Snehamulla Simham Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kathu Arappatta Kettiya Graamathil Aalorungi Arangorungi Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu Shyama Ennennum Kannettante Kathodu Kathoram Oru Nokku Kanan Onningu Vannengil Makan Ente Makan Thammil Thammil Thinkalazhcha Nalla Divasam Athirathram Chakkarayumma Edavelakku Sesham Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove Manithali Sandhyakenthinu Sindooram Aa Rathri Adaminte Variyellu Maniyara Onnu Chirikku Visa Chiriyo Chiri Munnettam Sphodanam Mela Vilkkanundu Swapnangal MohanLal's Hit Movies (53 Movies) Kurukshetra Madambi Innathe Chinthavishayam Chota Mumbai Vadakkum Nathan Rasathanthram Thanmathra Naran Maampazhakkaalam Vismayathumbathu Mr Brahmachari Ravanaprabhu Kakkakuyil Devadoothan Life Is Beautiful Olympiyan Anthony Adam Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu Chandralekha Maanthrikam Minnaram Pakshe Pavithram Pingami Maya Mayuram Midhunam Vietnam Colony Abhimanyu Akkareakkareakkare Chanakyan Dasharatham Vandanam Moonnam Mura Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu Paatha Mudhra Vellanakalude Naadu Adimakal Udamakal Boomiyile Rajakkanmar January Oru Orma Sarvakalasala Thoovana Thumbigal Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu Adiverukal Kunjattakilikal Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal Panchagni Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam Athirathram Attakkalasam Engane Nee Marakkum Kattathe Kilikoodu Naseema Visa Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum Mammootty's Average Movies (101 Movies) Karmegam Phantom Megham Pallavur Devanarayanan The Godman Marumalarchi Arasiyal Puthayal Udyanapalakan Suryaputrulu No: 1 Sneha Theeram Bangalore North Sagaram Sakshi Vishnu Kilipetchu Ketkava Aayirappara Anaswaram Parampara Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu Purappad Carnival Mudra Mounam Sammadham Mukthi Thanthram Abkari Dhinarathrangal Vicharana Nalkkavala Kalam Mari Katha Mari Ithrayum Kalam Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku Ennu Nathante Nimmi Aval Kathirunnu Avanum Pranamam Aayiram Kannukal Adukkan Entheluppam Prathyekam Sradhikuka Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku Kariyila Kattu Pole Oru Katha Oru Nunnakkatha Kandu Kandarinju Upaharam Karimpin Poovinakkare Aa Neram Alppa Dooram Vilichu Vilikettu Kanathaya Penkutty Ee Lokam Ivide Kure Manushyar Iniyum Katha Thudarum Ayanam Manya Mahajanangale Oru Sandesam Koodi Katha Ithu Vare Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam Anu Bandham Oduvil Kittiya Vartha Eeran Sandhya Ee Thanalil Ithiri Neram Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu Avidathepole Ivideyum Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya Kodathi Aalkkoottathil Thaniye Aarorumariyathe Aattuvanchi Ulanjappol Anithichuvappu Ente Upasana Koottinilamkili Mangalam Nerunnu Onnanu Nammal Oru Kochukatha Aarum Parayatha Katha Thirakil Alppam Samayam Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram Vetta Eettillam Iniyenkilum Kattaruvi Kinnaram Kodumkattu Lekhayude Maranam: Oru Flashback Oru Madapravinte Katha Prathigna Rachana Sagaram Santham Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu Sesham Kazhchayil Theeram Thedunna Thira Innalenkil Nale Amrutha Geetham Champalakadu John Jaffer Janardhanan Oru Thira Pinneyum Thira Ponnum Poovum Postmortem Sara Varsham Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam Thadakam Vidhichathum Kothichathum Oothikachiya Ponnu Thrishna Anubhavangal Palichakal Mohanlal's average Movies (72 Movies) Bhramaram Baba Kalyani Mahasamudram Achaneyanenikkishtam Rektha Sakshikal Zindabad Varnapakittu Iruvar Guru Oru Yaatra Mozhi Kala Pani Nirnnayam Thacholi Varghese Chekavar Chenkol Kalippattam Aham Nadodi Rajasilpi Soorya Gayathri Dhanam Kizhakkunarum Pakshi Ulladakkam Vishnulokam Indrajaalam Lal Salam Thazhvaram Adhipan Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal Ulsavapittennu Anuragi Aryan Doore Doore Oru Koodu Kottam Orkkappurathu Amritamgamaya Cheppu Ivide Ellavarkkum Sugham Kayyethum Doorathu Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam Vazhiyorakkazhchakal Kariyila Kattu Pole Ente Entethu Mathram Hello My Dear: Wrong Number Ninnishtam Ennishtam Onnu Muthal Poojaym Vare Pappan Priyappetta Pappan Revathikkoru Pavakkutty Sughamodevi Kandu Kandarinju Karimpin Poovinakkare Anu Bandham Avidathepole Ivideyum Aram + Aram = Kinnaram Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya Pathamudayam Aalkkoottathil Thaniye Kaliyil Alpam Karyam Onnanu Nammal Shree Krishnaparanthu Vanitha Police Vetta Hello Madras Girl Iniyenkilum Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu Sesham Kazhchayil Theeram Thedunna Thira Aakrosam Kelkatha Shabdam Kurukkante Kalyanam Njan Onnu Parayatte Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam Oothikachiya Ponnu Thakilu Kottampuram Randu Janmam Mammootty's Flop Movies (92 Movies) Love in Singapore Maya Bazar Parunthu Mission 90 Days Prajapathi Sau Jhooth Ek Sach Vishwa Thulasi Pattalam Kaiyethum Doorath Dubai Ethirum Puthirum Ezhupunna Tharakan Prempujari Stalin Sivadas Railway Coolie Sidhartha Oral Mathram Indraprastham Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan Vivekananda Sarovaram Palayam Dhartiputra Swathi Kiranam Kizhakkan Pathrose Mahanagaram Neelagiri Kanalkkattu Adayalam Oliyampukal Midhya Thriyathri Triyatri Utharam Charithram Sanghnadam Mattoral Aankiliyude Tharattu Athinumappuram Kathakku Pinnil Kottum Kuravayum Rareeram Kochu Themmadi Padayani Geetham Ee Kaikalil Ice Cream Kaveri Neram Pularumbol Malarum Kiliyum Ithile Iniyum Varu Akalathe Ambili Puli Varunne Puli Idanilangal Puzhayozhukum Vazhi Ente Kanakkuyil Angadikkappurath Aayiram Abilashangal Akkare Alakadalinakkare Ariyatha Veethikal Engane Undasane Ethirppukal Itha Innu Muthal Lakshmana Rekha Onnum Mindatha Bharya Pavam Poornima Vikatakavi America America Asthram Chakravalam Chuvannappol Changatham Coolie Ente Katha Guru Dakshina Himavahini Mansoru Maha Samudram Marakkillorikkalum Naanayam Nathi Muthal Nathi Vare Oru Mukham Pala Mukham Oru Swakaryam Pin Nilavu Rugma Balloon Aa Divasom Enthino Pookunna Pookal Idiyum Minnalum Keni Komaran Pooviriyum Pulari Veedu MohanLal's Flop Movies (103 Movies) Sagar Alias Jackie: Reloaded Red Chillies College Kumaran Flash Rock & Roll Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag Alibhai Kilukkam Kilukilukkam Udayon Chandrolsavam Natturajavu Wanted Popcarn Satyaghath: Crime Never Pays Usthad Agni Devan Gandeevam Butterflies Gandharvam Gopura Vasalile Uncle Bun Appu Arhatha Mukham Douthyam Lal Americayil Season Ayitham Mizhiyorangalil Padayani Geetham Kaveri Neram Pularumbol Abhayam Thedi Desatanakkili Karayarilla Iniyum Kurukshethram Manasilloru Manimuthu Mizhineer Poovukal Nimishingal Oppam Oppathinoppam Sobharaj Idanilangal Angadikkappurath Adhyayam Onnu Muthal Azhiyatha Bandhangal Chidambaram Ezhu Muthal Onpathu Vare Guruji Oru Vakku Jeevante Jeevan Koodum Thedi Mulamoottil Adima Naayakan Njan Piranna Nattil Omanikkan Ormavaikkan Onnanam Kunnil Oradi Kunnil Rangam Uyarukm Njan Nadaake Vasantha Sena Akkare Appunni Ariyatha Veethikal Atuthaduthu Itha Innu Muthal Ivide Thudangunnu Kilikonchal Koodu Thedunna Parava Kurissu Yuddham Lakshmana Rekha Manasariyathe Oru Kochu Swapnam Pavam Poornima Swanthamevide Bandhamevide Thirakal Unaroo Uyarangalil Adhipathyam Arabikadal Asthram Bhookambam Chakravalam Chuvannappol Changatham Ente Katha Guru Dakshina Himavahini Kolakomban Kuyiline Thedi Marakkillorikkalum Naanayam Oru Mukham Pala Mukham Pin Nilavu Thavalam Aa Divasom Enikkum Oru Divosam Enthino Pookunna Pookal Foot Ball Jumbulingam Kaliya Mardanam Madrasile Mon Pooviriyum Pulari Attimari Dhanya Druvasangamam Sanchari Mammootty's Disaster Biggest Flop Movies (1 Movie) Bhargavacharitham Moonnam Khandam Mohanlal's Disaster Biggest Flop Movies (11 Movies) Angel John Photographer Vamanapuram Bus Route Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu Chathurangam Thandavam Onnaman Praja Sradha The Prince Kadathanadan Ambadi Mammootty's Art Movies (11 Movies) Kutty Srank: The Sailor of Hearts Ore Kadal Kayyoppu Danny Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Ormmakalalundayirikanam Ponthan Mada Vidheyan Mathilukal Anantaram Aksharangal Mohanlal's Art Movies (8 Movies) Pakal Nakshatrangal Akasha Gopuram Mizhikal Sakshi Paradesi Unnathangalil Vaanaprastham Sadayam Vasthuhara I am sure..Now you may be also say that Mammooty the best. Note: When analysing an actor..Please do not consider his religion, Caste, Place, education etc. Just scientifically analyse his talent. Actually you guys only made Mohanlal less competent. You want to see him in the same role..same mannerisms. So he didn't change. But Mammooty is doing his home work very well and is becoming more talented.

Sachin becomes first batsman to score 200 in an ODI

The capacity crowd at the Captain Roop Singh Stadium witnessed history on Wednesday as Tendulkar, statistically the greatest batsman the game has ever seen, pushed a Charl Langeveldt delivery through the off-side and ran a single to achieve a feat which no other cricketer has achieved.

One-day international cricket, since its 1971 inception, had to wait nearly four decades to see a batsman score 200. The previous best mark was shared by Zimbabwean Charles Coventry (194 not out against Bangladesh in 2009) and Pakistan's Saeed Anwar (194 against India in 1997).

As the crowd erupted with unbridled joy, Tendulkar, tired but composed, took off his helmet, looked skyward, closed his eyes to offer a silent prayer.

His captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni came down from the striker's end to shake hands and hug him.

And as Tendulkar set on his way back to the pavilion after the completion of the Indian innings, a tumultuous celebration greeted him.

The crowd gave him a standing ovation as the entire stadium erupted in euphoria while his teammates were simply ecstatic as they clapped and hugged each other, basking in the glory of their senior teammates.

Tendulkar batted like a man with a mission on Wednesday and the South African bowlers simply had no clue where to bowl.

Once he crossed the 150-mark, the crowd anticipated something special and Tendulkar did not let them down.

A six off Roelof van der Merwe took him past Kapil Dev's 175 not out and in the next over, he hit Jacques Kallis for a four to equal his previous best of 186 not out that had come against New Zealand in Hyderabad in 1999.

The crowd got restless as Tendulkar approached the 194-run mark and a couple off Wayne Parnell saw him eclipse it.

His teammates and spectators were on the edge of their seat with a double century round the corner but with Dhoni going berserk at the striker's end and facing most of the deliveries, it was an agonising wait for all.

Dhoni took singles off the final deliveries of the 47th-49th overs and Tendulkar finally took strike with four balls left in the innings.

The first ball he received from Langeveldt was steered past point and Tendulkar ran for a single to remain unbeaten after an unforgettable unbeaten 200 that came off just 147 balls with 25 fours and three sixes in it.

It was yet another milestone for the man, who has some 30,000 international runs under his belt, including 93 centuries (47 in Tests and 46 in ODIs).
Highest score in ODIs
Player

Runs

Balls

4s

6s

Against

Ground

Date








Sachin Tendulkar

200*

147

25

3

South Africa

Gwalior

Feb 24, 2010
CK Coventry

194*

156

16

7

Bangladesh

Bulawayo

Aug 16, 2009
Saeed Anwar

194

146

22

5

India

Chennai

May 21, 1997
Sir Viv Richards

189*

170

21

5

England

Manchester

May 31, 1984
Sanath Jayasuriya

189

161

21

4

India

Sharjah

Oct 29, 2000
Gary Kirsten

188*

159

13

4

UAE

Rawalpindi

Feb 16, 1996
Sachin Tendulkar

186*

150

20

3

New Zealand

Hyderabad

Nov 8, 1999
MS Dhoni

183*

145

15

10

Sri Lanka

Jaipur

Oct 31, 2005
Sourav Ganguly

183

158

17

7

Sri Lanka

Tounton

May 26, 1999
Mathew Hayden

181*

166

11

10

New Zealand

Hamilton

Feb 20, 2007

PAZHASSIRAJA[2009]-DISCUSSIONS & THEATRE REPORTS

Pazhassi Raja is a forthcoming biopic magnum opus historical film directed by T. Hariharan, and written by M.T. Vasudevan Nair. It stars Mammootty, Manoj K. Jayan, Thilakan, Padmapriya and Sarath Kumar in the lead roles with Kanika Subramaniam, Peter Handley Evans, Harry Key, and Jagathi Sreekumar in other pivotal roles. The film's score and soundtrack is written by acclaimed composer Illayaraja. The score was recorded in Hungary, with the prestigious Hungary Symphony Orchestra. The sound designing is done by Oscar Award Winner, Resul Pookutty. The film will subsequently be dubbed and released in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi on the same date.
The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 is considered to be the first organized revolt against British rule and as the first step in India's struggle for independence. But more than half a century prior to that, Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of the Padinjare Kovilakom of the Kottayam family, irked by the unpopular revenue policy followed by the East India Company in Malabar, threatened to cut down all the pepper vines if the Company persisted in revenue collection. A determined but futile attempt was made by the British to capture the Raja in his own palace at Pazhassi in April 1796.

Subsequently a proclamation was issued forbidding people from supporting the Raja, threatening confiscation of their property if they did so. In January 1797 the Raja's men launched daring attack on the security personnel stationed at Pazhassi, exterminating the entire party save one. In pitched battles fought over three days, the Raja's men using swords, spears, bows and arrows, overpowered the British forces armed with muskets. The British had to sign a temporary truce.

When the occupying forces broke the terms of the truce, the Raja revolted again, but by then the British had control over most of the south. The Raja, accompanied by his wife and immediate attendants, took refuge in the jungles. In 1804 the Raja's properties were confiscated and a reward was proclaimed for his head. Towards the end of 1805, the Raja was surrounded and shot dead by the side of a stream.

Hariharan, MT Vasudevan Nair and Mammootty, the people behind Oru Vadakkan Veeragaatha, an epoch making film that became a milestone in Malayalam cinema, are in the making of another epic, which is to hit the screens during the Christmas season. The film, which is being shot with a Pan Vision camera and exploits the latest technical advancements, has Mammootty playing the lead role of Pazhassi Raja. Tamil actor Sarath Kumar makes his debut in Malayalam with this film, playing Edachena Kunkan, the best friend of Pazhassi Raja.
Narrated by...

* Mohanlal (Malayalam)
* Kamal Haasan (Tamil)
* Shahrukh Khan (Hindi)
* Chiranjeevi (Telugu)



Directed by T. Hariharan
Produced by Gokulam Gopalan
Written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair

Starring Mammootty
Mammootty as Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja
Sarath Kumar as Edachena Kunkan
Padmapriya Janakiraman as Neeli
Kanika Subramaniam as Kaitheri Makkom
Suman as Pazhayamveedan Chandhu
Manoj K. Jayan as Thalakkal Chandhu
Thilakan as Kurumbranaadu Raja Veeravarma
Jagathy Sreekumar as Kanara Menon
Nedumudi Venu as Moopan
Linda Arsenio as Dora
Suresh Krishna as Kaitheri Ambu
Devan as Kannavathu Nambiar
Lalu Alex as Emman Nair
Captain Raju as Unni Mootha
Jagadeesh as Bhandari
Peter Handley Evans as Major James Gordon
Harry Key as Thomas Hervey Baber

Music by Ilaiyaraaja
Cinematography Ramanath Shetty
Editing by A.Sreekar Prasad
Release date(s) October 16, 2009
Country India
Language Malayalam,Tamil,Telungu,Hindi and English
Budget INR 27 Crores

Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometres (238,857 mi), about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. The common centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located at about 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi)—a quarter the Earth's radius—beneath the surface of the Earth. The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth every 27.3 days[nb 3] (the orbital period), and the periodic variations in the geometry of the Earth–Moon–Sun system are responsible for the phases of the Moon, which repeat every 29.5 days[nb 4] (the synodic period).

The Moon's diameter is 3,474 kilometres (2,159 mi),[5] a little more than a quarter of Earth's. Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth of the Earth (about a quarter of Earth's land area), and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the Earth's surface.

The Moon is the only celestial body on which human beings have made a manned landing. While the Soviet Union's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft, the United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972–the first being Apollo 11 in 1969. Human exploration of the Moon temporarily ceased with the conclusion of the Apollo program, although a few robotic landers and orbiters have been sent to the Moon since that time. The U.S. had committed to return to the Moon by 2018,[6][7][8] however that commitment has been put into jeopardy by the proposed 2011 budget, which will cancel Constellation, NASA's project to send humans back to the moon by 2020. On November 13, 2009, NASA announced the discovery of proof that water exists on the Moon, based on data obtained from the LCROSS lunar impact mission.[9]

The Moon is in synchronous rotation, which means it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit the Earth. This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards the Earth. The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by the Earth.[13]

Small variations (libration) in the angle from which the Moon is seen allow about 59% of its surface to be seen from the Earth (but only half at any instant).[5]

The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains which can clearly be seen with the naked eye are called maria (singular mare), Latin for seas, since they were believed by ancient astronomers to be filled with water. These are now known to be vast solidified pools of ancient basaltic lava. The majority of these lavas erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with impact basins that formed by the collisions of meteors and comets with the lunar surface. (Oceanus Procellarum is a major exception in that it does not correspond to a known impact basin.) Maria are found almost exclusively on the near side of the Moon, with the far side having only a few scattered patches covering about 2% of its surface,[14] compared with about 31% on the near side.[5] The most likely explanation for this difference is related to a higher concentration of heat-producing elements on the near-side hemisphere, as has been demonstrated by geochemical maps obtained from the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer.[15][16] Several provinces containing shield volcanoes and volcanic domes are found within the near side maria.[17]

Terrae
The lighter-colored regions of the Moon are called terrae, or more commonly just highlands, since they are higher than most maria. Several prominent mountain ranges on the near side are found along the periphery of the giant impact basins, many of which have been filled by mare basalt. These are hypothesized to be the surviving remnants of the impact basin's outer rims.[18] In contrast to the Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.[19]

From images taken by the Clementine mission in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of the 73 km-wide Peary crater at the Moon's north pole remain illuminated for the entire lunar day. These peaks of eternal light are possible because of the Moon's extremely small axial tilt to the ecliptic plane. No similar regions of eternal light were found at the south pole, although the rim of Shackleton crater is illuminated for about 80% of the lunar day. Other consequences of the Moon's small axial tilt are regions that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters.[20]

The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains which can clearly be seen with the naked eye are called maria (singular mare), Latin for seas, since they were believed by ancient astronomers to be filled with water. These are now known to be vast solidified pools of ancient basaltic lava. The majority of these lavas erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with impact basins that formed by the collisions of meteors and comets with the lunar surface. (Oceanus Procellarum is a major exception in that it does not correspond to a known impact basin.) Maria are found almost exclusively on the near side of the Moon, with the far side having only a few scattered patches covering about 2% of its surface,[14] compared with about 31% on the near side.[5] The most likely explanation for this difference is related to a higher concentration of heat-producing elements on the near-side hemisphere, as has been demonstrated by geochemical maps obtained from the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer.[15][16] Several provinces containing shield volcanoes and volcanic domes are found within the near side maria.[17]

Terrae
The lighter-colored regions of the Moon are called terrae, or more commonly just highlands, since they are higher than most maria. Several prominent mountain ranges on the near side are found along the periphery of the giant impact basins, many of which have been filled by mare basalt. These are hypothesized to be the surviving remnants of the impact basin's outer rims.[18] In contrast to the Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.[19]

From images taken by the Clementine mission in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of the 73 km-wide Peary crater at the Moon's north pole remain illuminated for the entire lunar day. These peaks of eternal light are possible because of the Moon's extremely small axial tilt to the ecliptic plane. No similar regions of eternal light were found at the south pole, although the rim of Shackleton crater is illuminated for about 80% of the lunar day. Other consequences of the Moon's small axial tilt are regions that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters.[20]

The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains which can clearly be seen with the naked eye are called maria (singular mare), Latin for seas, since they were believed by ancient astronomers to be filled with water. These are now known to be vast solidified pools of ancient basaltic lava. The majority of these lavas erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with impact basins that formed by the collisions of meteors and comets with the lunar surface. (Oceanus Procellarum is a major exception in that it does not correspond to a known impact basin.) Maria are found almost exclusively on the near side of the Moon, with the far side having only a few scattered patches covering about 2% of its surface,[14] compared with about 31% on the near side.[5] The most likely explanation for this difference is related to a higher concentration of heat-producing elements on the near-side hemisphere, as has been demonstrated by geochemical maps obtained from the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer.[15][16] Several provinces containing shield volcanoes and volcanic domes are found within the near side maria.[17]

Terrae
The lighter-colored regions of the Moon are called terrae, or more commonly just highlands, since they are higher than most maria. Several prominent mountain ranges on the near side are found along the periphery of the giant impact basins, many of which have been filled by mare basalt. These are hypothesized to be the surviving remnants of the impact basin's outer rims.[18] In contrast to the Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.[19]

From images taken by the Clementine mission in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of the 73 km-wide Peary crater at the Moon's north pole remain illuminated for the entire lunar day. These peaks of eternal light are possible because of the Moon's extremely small axial tilt to the ecliptic plane. No similar regions of eternal light were found at the south pole, although the rim of Shackleton crater is illuminated for about 80% of the lunar day. Other consequences of the Moon's small axial tilt are regions that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters.[20]

The Great Wall of China (simplified Chinese: 长城; traditional Chinese: 長城; pinyin: Chángchéng; literally "long city/fortress") or (simplified Chinese: 万里长城; traditional Chinese: 萬里長城; pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng; literally "The long wall of 10,000 Li (里)"[1]) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire during various successive dynasties. Since the 5th century BC, several walls have been built that were referred to as the Great Wall. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall were built during the Ming Dynasty.

The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The most comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has recently concluded that the entire Great Wall, with all of its branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi). This is made up of 6,259.6 km (3,889.5 mi) of sections of actual wall, 359.7 km (223.5 mi) of trenches and 2,232.5 km (1,387.2 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[2][3][4]
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC. During the Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qi, Yan and Zhao all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the former state borders. To protect the empire against intrusions by the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's new northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin Dynasty walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. Later, the Han, Sui, Northern and Jin dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.

The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu in 1449. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper-hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Huang He.


Photograph of the Great Wall in 1907Unlike the earlier Qin fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.[citation needed]

During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[5]

Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Under the military command of Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming army held off the Manchus at the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from entering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, when the gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by Wu Sangui, a Ming border general who disliked the activities of rulers of the Shun Dynasty. The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and defeated the newly founded Shun Dynasty and remaining Ming resistance, to establish the Qing Dynasty.

In 2009, an additional 290 kilometres (180 miles) of previously undetected portions of the wall, built during the Ming Dynasty, were discovered. The newly discovered sections range from the Hushan mountains in the northern Liaoning province to Jiayuguan in western Gansu province. The sections had been submerged over time by sandstorms that moved across the arid region.[6]

Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so construction and repairs on the Great Wall were discontinued.

Mammootty

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Hindi: मोहनदास करमचंद गाँधी, Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, pronounced [moːɦən̪d̪aːs kərəmʨən̪d̪ ɡaːn̪d̪ʱiː] ( listen); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of satyagraha—resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa or total nonviolence—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is commonly known around the world as Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: महात्मा mahātmā or "Great Soul", an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore),^[1] and in India also as Bapu (Gujarati: બાપુ, bāpu or "Father"). He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.

Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience while an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, during the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he organized protests by peasants, farmers, and urban labourers concerning excessive land-tax and discrimination. After assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns to ease poverty, expand women's rights, build religious and ethnic amity, end untouchability, and increase economic self-reliance. Above all, he aimed to achieve Swaraj or the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led his followers in the Non-cooperation movement that protested the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (240 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930. Later, in 1942, he launched the Quit India civil disobedience movement demanding immediate independence for India. Gandhi spent a number of years in jail in both South Africa and India.

As a practitioner of ahimsa, he swore to speak the truth and advocated that others do the same. Gandhi lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, eventually adopting a fruitarian diet, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest.